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The Yellow Emperor or Huangdi, formerly romanized as Huang-ti and Hwang-ti, is one of the legendary Chinese sovereigns and culture heroes〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274374/Huangdi )〕〔Helmer Aslaksen, ("The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar," ) section ("Which Year is it in the Chinese Calendar?" ) (retrieved on 2011-11-18)〕 included among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors.〔.〕 Tradition holds that Huangdi reigned from 2697 to 2597〔("Yellow Emperor," ) in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition (2008). Encyclopedia.com, retrieved on November 8, 2011.〕 or 2698 to 2598 BC.〔Herbert Allen Giles (1845–1935), ''A Chinese Biographical Dictionary'' (London: B. Quaritch, 1898), p. 338; cited in .〕 Huangdi's cult was particularly prominent in the late Warring States and early Han period, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, a cosmic ruler, and a patron of esoteric arts. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations,〔.〕 the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Chinese civilization, and said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chinese.〔.〕 ==Historicity== The Chinese historian Sima Qianand much Chinese historiography following himconsidered the Yellow Emperor to be a more historical figure than earlier legendary figures such as Fu Xi, Nüwa, and the Yan emperor. His ''Records of the Grand Historian'' begins with the Yellow Emperor, while passing over the others.〔〔, and chapter endnotes.〕 Throughout most of Chinese history, the Yellow Emperor and the other ancient sages were considered to be real historical figures.〔 Their historicity started to be questioned in the 1920s by historians like Gu Jiegang, one of the founders of the Doubting Antiquity School in China.〔 In their attempts to prove that the earliest figures of Chinese history were mythological, Gu and his followers argued that these ancient sages were originally gods who were later depicted as humans by the rationalist intellectuals of the Warring States period.〔 (description of Gu's general purpose); (rest of the information).〕 Yang Kuan, a member of the same historiographical current, noted that only in the Warring States period had the Yellow Emperor started to be described as the first ruler of China.〔.〕 Yang thus argued that Huangdi was a later transformation of Shangdi, the supreme god of the Shang pantheon.〔.〕 Also in the 1920s, French scholars Henri Maspero and Marcel Granet published critical studies of China's accounts of high antiquity.〔.〕 In his ''Danses et légendes de la Chine ancienne'' (and legends of ancient China" ), for example, Granet argued that these tales were "historicized legends" that said more about the time when they were written than about the time they purported to describe.〔.〕 Most scholars now agree that the Yellow Emperor originated in tales of the gods which later presented the character as a human.〔: "modern scholars of myth generally agree that the sage kings were partially humanized transformations of earlier, supernatural beings who figured in shamanistic rituals, cosmogonic myths or tales of the origins of tribes and clans."〕 K.C. Chang sees Huangdi and other cultural heroes as "ancient religious figures" who were "euhemerized" in the late Warring States and Han periods.〔 Historian of ancient China, Mark Edward Lewis speaks of the Yellow Emperor's "earlier nature as a god", whereas Roel Sterckx, a professor at University of Cambridge, calls Huangdi a "legendary cultural hero".〔; .〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yellow Emperor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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